Plumbing is your house’s circulatory system, taking clean water to the faucets and carrying waste water away. It involves pipes, valves, fixtures and other components that ensure your indoor environment is safe and comfortable.
Any piping that conveys gas, water or waste in a building is considered part of the house plumbing. Pipes can be subject to fatigue cracking and require periodic inspection. Reach out Plumbers The Woodlands for comprehensive assistance.
A pipe is a tubular section of hollow cylinder shape used mainly to convey liquids and gases (fluids), or slurries and masses of small solids. Pipes may be welded, or seamless, with no welds at all (seamless pipes). Pipes come in many different shapes and materials and are manufactured to a wide range of standards for use in many types of applications.
Copper, for example, is widely used as water piping because it is durable and doesn’t rust or corrode. It also holds up well to temperature changes. Lead pipes were once in vogue, but were discontinued when we collectively figured out that they’re toxic. Galvanized steel pipes are still in service, and they’re also quite durable, although they tend to be more costly than copper.
Some types of pipes are made of concrete or ceramic, especially for low-pressure applications such as drainage and sewage. These are usually poured on site, and the joints sealed with cement. Steel and cast iron were once common for pressure piping, but now we most often see copper, PEX, or plastic piping in new construction.
When pipe is made of metal, the wall thickness is measured by a method called ultrasonic thickness inspection. The results are recorded and used to check that the piping meets minimum wall thickness requirements.
The size of pipes is normally referred to in imperial Nominal Pipe Size (NPS), but most countries outside the US now use a metric system with diameters expressed in millimeters. In the metric system, wall thicknesses are measured by a method called tensile testing.
Most pipe ends are threaded for connecting or fastening to other pieces of piping. Threads vary in design and execution, with most systems using standard national pipe threading (NPT). Other types of threaded ends include British Standard Pipe Taper thread (BSPT), garden hose thread, and fire hose couplings. Some pipes are joined with solder, which is typically done by hand. For long lengths of pipe, a machine tool is sometimes used to speed the process.
Other connections, such as those for air or vacuum systems, are made with flanges. These are thicker and sturdier than threaded fittings. Some flanges are bolted or clamped on to the end of a pipe, while others can be pressed into place.
Valves
Valves are a key part of piping systems. They may be used to start/stop the flow, control direction of flow, regulate pressure and temperature, or for safety purposes like controlling fugitive emissions and improving process safety. Valves are classified by a variety of criteria including their function, type of operating mechanism, end connections, mechanical motion, construction material, and pressure and temperature ratings. Each of these characteristics can impact the cost of a valve, its ability to withstand various environmental conditions, and its longevity in a system.
Regular maintenance and inspections are necessary to ensure proper valve performance. Creating a routine service schedule can help reduce costs, improve system efficiency, and minimize downtime due to leaks or failure.
Various types of valves are available for use in a system, and choosing the correct size is crucial. A valve that is too large or small can increase initial costs and affect the effectiveness of a system as well as the safety of personnel.
Valve seat and shell leak tests are conducted to ensure a tight fit between the valve disc or face and the valve seat. This helps prevent fluid from escaping from the inside of the valve or, when the valve is shut, from a leak between the valve seat and disc.
The inspection process starts with a review of drawings, procedures and certificates. This includes verification of the manufacturer’s test methods as well as nondestructive testing (NDT) requirements, welding procedures, and fire type-testing, among other qualifications.
Next, inspectors conduct visual inspections of the valve and the areas around the valve where it attaches to other parts of the piping system. They check the condition of the flanges, including any cracks or signs of damage, and look for loose or missing fasteners. They also evaluate the connections that are made with detachable connections, like threaded or screwed joints, and permanent methods, such as welding. Lastly, they look at the condition of seals and gaskets, as they play an important role in ensuring a tight, reliable fit, which prevents leaks and promotes proper operation.
Fixtures
Plumbing fixtures are devices that interact with water and include faucets, sinks, bathtubs, showers, and toilets. They come in a wide range of styles and materials, from sleek modern designs to classic and rustic finishes. They can be used in residential and commercial buildings for various purposes, including bathing, cooking, cleaning, and washing dishes.
When choosing plumbing fixtures, consider the function and aesthetics of the space. For example, a kitchen sink may need a deeper bowl and more durable materials than a bathroom sink. Also, make sure to choose fixtures that are easy to clean and maintain. This will save you time and money in the long run. In addition, opt for water-efficient fixtures to save on energy costs and improve environmental sustainability.
A plumbing fixture should have a shut off valve installed on the water supply line before it to prevent the flow of water in the event of a leak or damage. This valve is usually called a stop or service valve. In addition, most plumbing fixtures that discharge wastewater require a vent to ensure proper function and to prevent the buildup of pressure in the drain lines.
In addition to ensuring proper functioning, it is important to inspect plumbing fixtures regularly to ensure that they are safe for use. Inspecting these fixtures can help identify problems before they become serious and reduce the risk of accidents or injuries. Ideally, you should hire a professional to inspect your plumbing fixtures at least once a year.
The most common plumbing fixtures are toilets, bathtubs, and sinks. Toilets are designed to safely dispose of human waste, while bathtubs and showers provide an efficient way to wash clothes and bodies. A bidet is another popular fixture that provides a water spray for personal hygiene. While not technically a plumbing fixture, water heaters are closely tied to plumbing systems and help to heat the water for use in homes and businesses.
Inspection
During a plumbing inspection, plumbers check for problems like leaky pipes and fixtures, improper water pressure, signs of rust or corrosion and more. They also compare the visible plumbing to local code requirements for materials, installation and design. This ensures the plumbing meets health and safety standards for occupants.
The plumber will look at all the water supply pipes, including those under sinks and behind appliances. They will inspect the water heater for proper installation, fuel type and venting. They will also check the drain pipe system for clogs and proper drainage flow. The plumber will also evaluate all the faucets, showerheads, toilets and other plumbing fixtures for leaks, proper water pressure and signs of rust or corrosion. They will also check the outdoor spigots for leaks and proper water flow to garden and lawn areas.
Leaks in supply lines, drain lines and water heater tanks can lead to expensive repairs or replacements. Plumbing inspections find these problems before they escalate into major catastrophes. A leaking faucet, for example, can waste 10,000 gallons of water per year and result in higher utility bills. Plumbing inspectors use special equipment to pinpoint the source of a leak.
A plumbing inspection is a great way to save money and extend the lifespan of your plumbing system. Regular maintenance and small repairs can prevent damage, reduce energy bills and help your plumbing last longer. In addition, a plumbing inspection can help you maintain your home’s value and make it easier to sell when the time comes.
It is important to have a plumbing inspection performed by a professional plumber at least once every two years for newer homes and annually for older homes. This helps prevent problems from developing that can lead to a costly emergency and protects your family’s health and well-being. A professional plumber will take the time to understand your needs and provide a thorough report of their findings. They will also offer recommendations for maintenance to avoid future issues. If you’re considering hiring a plumbing company, make sure to get multiple quotes and ask about their experience.